A Conceptual Framework for Creating Transition Plans for Incarcerated Youth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52935/Keywords:
Juvenile justice, Transition plans, Reentry plans, Discharge plans, Disability, Out-of-home care, Conceptual frameworkAbstract
Incarcerated youth face many challenges as they transition back to the community. The development and implementation of person-centered transition plans have been shown to improve re-engagement in education and employment, and to reduce recidivism. There is, however, little research to guide personnel in juvenile justice settings as to what a transition plan should contain and how it could be implemented. This article offers a conceptual framework based on transition theories, the extant research literature on transition plans and services, and practitioner experience to inform transition plan components for all young people in custody, with a focus on youth with disabilities and in out-of-home care.
References
Abrams, L. S. (2007). From corrections to community. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 44(2-3), 31-53.
Abrams, L. S., Shannon, S. K. S., & Sanglang, C. (2008). Transition services for incarcerated youth: A mixed methods evaluation study. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 522-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.11.003
Altschuler, D. M., & Brash, R. (2004). Adolescent and teenage offenders confronting the challenges and opportunities of reentry. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2(1), 72-87.
Altschuler, D., Stangler, G., Berkley, K., & Burton, L. (2009). Supporting youth in transition to adulthood: Lessons learned from child welfare and juvenile justice. Washington, DC: Center for Juvenile Justice Reform. Retrieved from: http://gcjjr.dcwdhost.com/wpcontent/
uploads/2015/03/SupportingYouthinTransition_April2009.pdf
Anderson, V. R., Davidson, W. S., Barnes, A. R., Campbell, C. A., Peterson, J. L., & Onifade, E. (2016). The differential predictive validity of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory: The role of gender. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 22, 666-677.
Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J. & Hoge, R. D. (1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior,17, 19-52.
Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., Wormith, J., Guzzo, L., Brews, A., & Rettinger J. (2011). Sources of variability in estimates of predictive validity: A specification with level of service general risk and need, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48, 413–432.
Anthony, E. K., Sample, M. D., de Kervor, D, N., Ituarte, S., Lee, C., & Austin, M. J. (2010). Coming back home: The reintegration of formerly incarcerated youth with service implications. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1271–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.04.018
Australian Government Department of Education and Training. (2015). Planning for personalized learning and support: A national resource. Retrieved from: https://docs.education.gov.au/node/38065
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). National data on the health of justice involved young people: A feasibility study 2016-17. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/4d24014b-dc78-4948-a9c4-6a80a91a3134/aihw-juv-125.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Australian Medical Association. (2012). Health and the criminal justice system. Retrieved from: https://ama.com.au/position-statement/health-and-criminal-justice-system-2012
Barnes, A. R., Campbell, N. A., Anderson, V. R., Campbell, C. A., Onifade, E., & Davidson, W. S. (2016). Validity of initial, exit, and dynamic juvenile risk assessment: An examination across gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 55, 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2015.1107004
Barry, M. (2007). Youth offending in transition: The search for social recognition. Routledge. Barton, W. H., Mackin, J. R.,& Fields, J. (2008). Assessing youth strengths in a residential juvenile correctional program. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 23, 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865710609512715
Bouffard, J. A., & Bergseth, K. J. (2008). The impact of reentry services on juvenile offenders’ recidivism. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 6, 295-318.
Bruhn, A. L., McDaniel, S. C., Fernando, J., & Troughton, L. (2016). Goal-setting for students with significant behavior problems: A systematic review of the literature, Behavioral Disorders, 41, 107–121.
Bullis, M., & Yovanoff, P. (2006). Idle hands: Community employment experiences of formerly incarcerated youth. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 14(2), 71-85.
Bullis, M., Yovanoff, P., & Havel, E. (2004). The importance of getting started right: Further examination of the facility-to-community transition of formerly incarcerated youth. The Journal of Special Education, 38(2), 80–94.
Burrell, J., & Moeser, J. (2014). Transition planning and re-entry. In Desktop guide to quality practice for working with youth in confinement, Washington, D.C: National Partnership for Juvenile Services and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from: https://info.nicic.gov/dtg/node/17
Buston, K. M. (2010). Experiences of, and attitudes towards, pregnancy and fatherhood amongst incarcerated young male offenders: Findings from a qualitative study. Social Science and Medicine, 71, 2212-2218.
Cecil, C. A. M., Viding, E., Fearon, P., Glaser, D., & McCrory, E. J. (2017). Disentangling the mental health impact of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 106-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.024
Chassin, L., Hussong, A., & Beltran, I. (2009). Adolescent substance use. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd Ed.) (pp. 723-763). Wiley.
Chickering, A.W., & Schlossberg, N. K. (1994). Getting the most out of college. Allyn and Bacon.
Committee on Adolescence. (2011). Health care for youth in the juvenile justice system. Pediatrics, 128, 1219-1235.
Crawford, C. (2012). Youth with disabilities in transition from school to work or post-secondary education and training: A review of the literature in the United States and United Kingdom. Institute for Research and Development on Inclusion and Society.
Cumming, T. M., & Strnadová, I. (2017). Transitioning back to mainstream education: The flexible integration model. Australasian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education, 41(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.10.1017/jse.2016.15
Cumming, T. M, Strnadová, I., & O’Neill, S. (2018). Transition planning processes for young people serving custodial sentences in New South Wales, Australia. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 42, 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/jsi.2018.1
Fader, J. J., & Dum, C. P. (2013). Doing time, filling time: Bureaucratic ritualism as a systematic barrier to youth re-entry. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 899–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.03.001.
Farmer, R.W., & Brooks, C. C. (2014). Education. In Desktop guide to quality practice for working with youth in confinement. Washington, D.C: National Partnership for Juvenile Services and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from:
https://info.nicic.gov/dtg/node/19
Feierman, J., Levick, M., & Mody, A. (2009). The school-to-prison pipeline … and back: Obstacles and remedies for the re-enrollment of adjudicated youth. New York University Law School Review, 54, 1115-1129.
Feinstein, R. A. (2015) White privilege, juvenile justice, and criminal identities: A qualitative analysis of the perceptions and self-identification of incarcerated youth. Contemporary Justice Review, 18, 313-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2015.1057708
Field, D., & Abrams, L. S. (2010). Gender differences in the perceived needs and barriers of youth offenders preparing for community reentry. Child and Youth Care Forum, 39, 253-269. doi:10.1007/s10566-010-9102-x
Gagnon, J. C., Haydon, T., & Maccinni, P. (2010). Juvenile correctional schools: Assessment and accountability policy and practices. Journal of Correctional Education, 61, 23–45.
Geis, L. M. (2014). An IEP for that juvenile justice system: Incorporating special education law throughout the delinquency process. The University of Memphis Law Review, 44, 869-919.
Griffis, N., Sloan, J., Liddell, W. R., & Moesser, J. (2014). Service and treatment plans. In Desktop guide to quality practice for working with youth in confinement. National Partnership for Juvenile Services and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from: https://info.nicic.gov/dtg/node/20
Griller Clark, H., Mathur, S. R., Brock, L., O’Cummings, M., & Milligan, D. (2016). Transition toolkit 3.0: Meeting the educational needs of youth exposed to the juvenile justice system. National Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center for the Education of Children and
Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At Risk (NDTAC).
Griller Clark, H., Mathur, S. R., & Helding, B. (2011). Transition services for juvenile detainees with disabilities: Findings on recidivism. Education and Treatment of Children, 34, 511-529.
Griller Clark, H., & Unruh, D. (2010). Transition practices for adjudicated youth with EBDs and related disabilities. Behavioral Disorders, 36, 43-51.
Grisso, T. (2008). Adolescent offenders with mental disorders. Future Child, 18, 143-64.
Hagner, D., Malloy, J. M., Mazzone, M. W., & Cormier, G. M. (2008). Youth with disabilities in the criminal justice system: Considerations for transition and rehabilitation planning. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 16, 240-247.
Herz, D., Lee, P., Lutz, L., Stewart, M., Tuell, J., & Wiig, J. (2012). Addressing the needs of multi-system youth: Strengthening the connection between child welfare and juvenile justice. Center for Juvenile Justice Reform, Georgetown University. Retrieved from
http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/MultiSystemYouth_March2012.pdf
Hirschfield, P. J. (2014). Effective and promising practices in transitional planning and school re-entry. The Journal of Correctional Education, 65, 84-96.
Hogan, K. A., Bullock, L. M., & Fritsch, E. J. (2010). Meeting the transition needs of incarcerated youth with disabilities. The Journal of Correctional Education, 61, 133-147.
Hoge, R. D., & Andrews, D. A. (2002). Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI). Multi-Health Systems.
Hoge, R. D., & Andrews, D. A. (2011). Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0 (YLS/CMI 2.0): Users Manual. Multi-Health Systems.
Hooper-Arana, E. D. (2019). Lessons learned from a multidisciplinary collaborative supporting juvenile reentry. Journal of Applied Juvenile Justice Services, 6, 1-17. Retrieved from: http://npjs.org/jajjs/?page_id=286
Indig, D., Frewen, A., & Moore, E. (2016). Predictors and correlates of re-incarceration among Australian young people in custody. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49, 73-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865814550534
Indig, D., Vecchiato, C., Haysom, L., Beilby, R., Carter, J., ...& Whitton, G. (2011). 2009 NSW young people in custody health survey: Full report. Justice Health and Juvenile Justice Retrieved from: http://www.justicehealth.nsw.gov.au/publications/ypichs-full.pdf
Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building a conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions, and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690900800406
Jenkins, E. K., Slemon, A., & Haines-Saah, R. (2017). Developing harm reduction in the context of youth substance use: Insights from a multi-site qualitative analysis of young people’s harm minimization strategies. Harm Reduction Journal, 14, 53-64.
Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L., & Lacey, F. M. (2011). Doing your literature review. Traditional and systematic techniques. Sage Publications.
Jolivette, K., Swoszowski, N. C., McDaniel, S. C., & Duchaine, E. L. (2014). Using positive behavioral interventions and supports to assist in the transition of youth from juvenile justice facilities back to their neighborhood school: An illustrative example. The Journal of Correctional Education, 67, 9-24.
Kohler, P. D., Gothberg, J. E., & Coyle, J. (2018). Taxonomy for transition programming 2.0 as applied to youth in the juvenile justice system. In, S. C. O’Neill (Ed.), Incarcerated youth transitioning back to the community: International perspectives (pp. 23-54). Springer.
Kohler, P. D., Gothberg, J. E., Fowler, C., & Coyle, J. (2016). Taxonomy for transition programming 2.0: A model for planning, organizing, and evaluating transition education, services, and programs, Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University. Retrieved from
Kratcoski, P. C., Kratcoski, L. D., & Kratcoski, P.C. (2020). Juvenile delinquency: Theory, research, and the juvenile justice process. Springer.
Kreager D. A. (2007). When it’s good to be bad: Violence and adolescent peer acceptance. Criminology, 45, 893–923. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00097.x.
Liddle, H. A., Dakof, G. A., Henderson, C., & Rowe, C. (2011). Implementation outcomes of Multidimensional Family Therapy – Detention to Community: A reintegration program for drug-using juvenile detainees. International Journal of Offender Therapy and
Comparative Criminology, 55, 587-604.
Lipsey, M. W., Howell, J. C., Kelly., Chapman, G., & Carver, D. (2010). Improving the effectiveness of juvenile justice programs: A new perspective on evidence-based practice. Center for Juvenile Justice. Retrieved from: http://njjn.org/uploads/digitallibrary/
CJJR_Lipsey_Improving-Effectiveness-of-Juvenile-Justice_2010.pdf
Lodewijks, H. P. B. (2011). Treatment of moderately intellectually disabled delinquent youth in a Dutch justice facility with closed and open units. Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 49-54.
Marshall, A., Powell, N., Pierce, D., Nolan, R., & Fehringer, E. (2012). Youth and administrator perspectives on transition in Kentucky’s state agency schools. Child Welfare, 91, 97-118.
Maschi, T., Smith Hatcher, S., Schwalbe, C. S., & Scotto Rosato, N. (2008). Mapping the social service pathways of youth to and through the juvenile justice system: A comprehensive review. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1376–1385.
Mathur, S. R., & Griller Clark, H. (2013). Prerelease planning and practices for youth with disabilities in juvenile detention. Journal of Special Education Leadership, 26, 82-92.
Mathur, S., & Griller Clark, H. (2014). Community engagement for re-entry success of youth from juvenile justice: Challenges and opportunities. Education and Treatment of Children, 37, 713-734.
Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Sage.
Mazzotti, V. L., Rowe, D. A., Kelley, K. R., Test, D. W., Fowler, C. H., & Kohler, P. (2009). Linking transition assessment and postsecondary goals. Teaching Exceptional Children, 42(2), 44-51.
McDaniel, S. C., Houchins, D. E., & Robinson, C. (2016). The effects of check, connect, and expect on behavioral and academic growth. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 24, 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426615573262
Mendes, P., Baidawi, S., & Snow, P. (2014). Good practice in reducing the over-representation of care leavers in the youth justice system. Leaving care and youth justice - Phase three report. Monash University.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded source book (3rd ed.). Sage
Mitchell, M. B., Jones, T., & Renema, S. (2015). Will I make it on my own? Voices and visions of 17-year-old youth in transition. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32, 291-300.
National Network for Youth. (2017). Homeless and runaway youth in the juvenile justice system. Retrieved from the Juvenile Justice Organisation website: http://www.juvjustice.org/sites/default/files/resourcefiles/Homeless%20and%20Runaway%20Youth_0.pdf
Nellis, A., & Hooks Wayman, R. (2009). Back on track: Supporting youth reentry from out-of-home placement to the community. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Taskforce, Youth Reentry Task Force, Retrieved from: http://www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/resource_1397.pdf
Nelson, C. M., Jolivette, K., Leone, P. E., & Mathur, S. R. (2010). Meeting the needs of at-risk and adjudicated youth with behavioral challenges: The promise of juvenile justice. Behavioral Disorders, 36, 70-80.
OECD. 2017, Better life index, Retrieved from: http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/australia/
Ochoa, T. A. (2016). Improving transition support for juvenile offenders with disabilities through a collaborative approach. Intervention in School and Clinic, 52, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451216630291
O’Neill, S. C., Strnadová, I., & Cumming, T. M. (2016). How Juvenile Justice and Education support the transition of school-aged youth from within a custodial environment to the community: Lessons to be learned and celebrations to share. (School of Education Report). Sydney: School of Education, UNSW Australia. ISBN-13: 978-0-947162-02-3
O’Neill, S. C., Strnadová, I. & Cumming, T. (2017). Systems barriers to community re-entry for incarcerated youths: A Review. Children and Youth Services Review. 79, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.05.025
Osher, D., Amos, L. B., & Gonsoulin, S. (2012). Successfully transitioning youth who are delinquent between institutions and alternative and community schools. National Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center for the Education of Children and Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At-Risk (NDTAC), Retrieved from: http://www.neglecteddelinquent.org/sites/default/files/docs/successfully_transitioning_youth.pdf
Peterson, L. Y., Burden, J. P., Sedaghat, J. M., Gothberg, J. E., Kohler, P. D., & Coyle, J. L. (2013). Triangulated IEP transition goals. Developing relevant and genuine annual goals. Teaching Exceptional Children, 45(6), 46-57.
Pham, Y. K., Unruh, D. K., Waintrup, M., Sinclair, J., Johnson, M. D., & Alverson, C. Y. (2017). Taking responsibility: Preparing young offenders to handle disclosure on the job. Beyond Behavior, 26, 36-41.
Piquero, A. R., & Brame, R. W. (2008). Assessing the race-crime and ethnicity-crime relationship in a sample of serious adolescent delinquents. Crime & Delinquency, 54, 390-422.
Platt, J. S., Bohac, P. D., & Wade. W. (2015). The challenges in providing needed transition programming to juvenile offenders. The Journal of Correctional Education, 66, 4–20.
Prichard, J., & Payne, J. (2005). Alcohol, drugs and crime: A study of juveniles in detention. Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series No.67. Retrieved from: https://aic.gov.au/publications/rpp/rpp67
Risler, E., & O’Rourke, T. (2009). Thinking exit at entry: Exploring outcomes of Georgia’s juvenile justice educational programs. Journal of Correctional Education, 60, 25–239.
Robinson, A. (2014). Foundations for youth justice: Positive approaches to practice. Policy Press.
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Harvard University Press.
Schlossberg, N. K. (1981). A model for analyzing human adaptation to transition. The Counseling Psychologist, 9, 2-18.
Schubert, C. A., & Mulvey, E. P. (2014). Behavioral health problems, treatment, and outcomes in serious youthful offenders. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved from: https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/242440.pdf
Schubert, C. A., Mulvey, E. P., & Glasheen, C. (2011). Influence of mental health and substance use problems and criminogenic risk on outcomes in serious juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 925-937.
Sedlak, A. J., & McPherson, K. (2010). Survey of youth in residential placement: Youth’s needs and services. SYRP Report. Westat. Retrieved from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/227660.pdf
Sheldon-Sherman, J. A. L. (2010). No incarcerated youth left behind: Promoting successful school re-entry through best practices and reform. Childrens’ Legal Rights Journal, 30, 22-37.
Sinclair, J., Unruh, D. K., & Kelly, K. (2019). Relationships matter: The role transition specialists play in a youth’s reengagement from the juvenile justice system. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Sitlington, P. L., Neubert, D. A., & Clark, G. M. (2010). Transition education and services for students with disabilities (5th ed.). Pearson.
Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 national report. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Retrieved from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED495786.pdf
Spruit, A., van Vugt, E., van der Put, C., van der Stouwe, T., & Stams, G. (2016). Sports participation and juvenile delinquency: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 655-671.
Stansfield, R. (2016). Juvenile desistence and community disadvantage: The role of appropriate accommodations and engagements. Justice Quarterly, 33, 708-728, https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2014.958189
Stein, M. (2012). Young people leaving care. Supporting pathways to adulthood. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Stepteau-Watson, D., Watson, J., & Lawrence, S. K. (2014). Young African American males in re-entry: An Afrocentric cultural approach. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24, 658-665, https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2014.922801
Strnadová, I., and Cumming, T. (2016). Lifespan transitions for individuals with disabilities: A holistic perspective. Routledge.
Strnadová, I., Cumming, T. M., & O’Neill, S. C. (2017). Young people transitioning from juvenile justice to the community: Transition planning and interagency collaboration. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 29(1), 19-28.
Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., Washburn, J. J., Welty, L. J., Hershfield, J. A., & Dulcan, M. K. (2013). The Northwestern Juvenile Project: Overview. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved from: https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/234522.pdf
Test, D. W., Fowler, C. H., Richter, S. M., White, J., Mazzotti, V., Walker, A. R., Kohler, P., Kortering, L. (2009). Evidence-based practices in secondary transition. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 32, 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885728809336859
The Royal Australasian College of Physicians. (2011). The health and well-being of incarcerated adolescents. Authors. Thurman, T., Chowdhury, S., & Taxman, F. S. (2019). Fidelity measures for risk-need assessment (RNA) tools usage in case plans. Corrections, Policy, Practice and Research, online first. https://doi.org.10.1080/23774657.2019.1696252
Trupin, E.W., Turner, A.P., Stewart, D., Wood, P. (2004). Transition planning and recidivism among mentally ill juvenile offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 99-610, https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.596
Underwood, L.A., & Washington, A. (2016). Mental illness and juvenile offenders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 228-252.
Unruh, D., Gau, J., & Waintrup, M. (2009). An exploration of factors reducing recidivism rates of formerly incarcerated youth with disabilities participating in a re-entry intervention. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 284-293.
Unruh, D. K., Johnson, M., Waintrup, M., & Sinclair, J. (2014). Ready for W.A.G.E.S. University of Oregon.
Waintrup, M. G., & Unruh, D. K. (2008). Career development programming strategies for transitioning incarcerated adolescents to the world of work. Journal of Correctional Education, 59, 127-144.
Williams, R. G., & Small, E. W. (2015). Exploring a relationship between parental supervision and recidivism among juvenile offenders at a juvenile detention facility. International Social Science Review, 90(2), 1-22.
Winokur, M., Holtan, A., Batchelder, K. E. (2014). Kinship care for the safety, permanency, and well-being of children removed from the home for maltreatment. Retrieved from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006546.pub3/abstract
Zajac, K., Sheidow, A. J., & Davis, M. (2015). Juvenile justice, mental health, and the transition to adulthood: A review of service system involvement and unmet needs in the U.S. Child and Youth Services Review, 56, 139-148.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Applied Juvenile Justice Services

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.