Healing Lives and Communities: How Can NGOs Support Restorative Justice Involving Youth?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52935/Keywords:
Restorative justice, Juvenile justice, Recidivism, VOM, NGOAbstract
Restorative justice is gaining momentum as a more effective and holistic response to delinquent juvenile behavior. Four decades of research relates restorative justice initiatives to positive outcomes including enhanced victim and offender satisfaction and sense of fairness, increased compliance with restitution, and reduced recurrence of offensive behaviors (Hansen & Umbreit, 2018). This paper discusses the benefits of restorative justice, reviews four major restorative justice approaches, and then explores the value and potential roles of community-based, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in supporting restorative justice policies and practices, particularly involving young people. The authors’ experience working with Youth Advocate Programs, Inc. (YAP), a U.S. based nonprofit organization that promotes community-based alternatives to institutionalization for juvenile justice involved youth with complex needs and challenges, informs their perspective. The authors aspire through this paper to cultivate community interest and engagement in restorative justice through presenting several pathways for NGOs to promote its practices and related benefits.
References
Alliance of NGOs on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.cpcjalliance.org/
Arya, N. (2014). Family-Driven Justice. Ariz. L. Rev., 56, 623. Retrieved from http://www.arizonalawreview.org/pdf/56-3/56arizlrev623.pdf#page=32&zoom=auto,-99,62
Bazelon, C., 2019. Youth Today, “Oakland Demonstrates Right Way to Use Restorative Justice
With Teens,” January 2, 2019. Retrieved from https://youthtoday.org/2019/01/oakland-demonstrates-right-way-to-use-restorativejustice-with-teens/
Bazemore, G. (1997). Balanced and restorative justice for juveniles: A framework for juvenile justice in the 21st century. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1998.tb00790.x Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/framwork.pdf
Bazemore, G. (1998). A Vision for Community-Juvenile Justice. Juv. & Fam. Ct. J., 49, 55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1998.tb00790.x Retrieved from http://www.floridarestorativejustice.com/uploads/3/9/9/8/39986687/bazemore_juvenile_justice_article.pdf
Bergseth, K. J., & Bouffard, J. A. (2007). The long-term impact of restorative justice programming for juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(4), 433-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.05.006
Bouffard, J., Cooper, M., & Bergseth, K. (2016). The Effectiveness of Various Restorative Justice Interventions on Recidivism Outcomes Among Juvenile Offenders. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204016647428
Boyd, B. L., Herring, D. R., & Briers, G. E. (1992). Developing life skills in youth. Leadership, 4(38), 6-80. Retrieved from https://www.joe.org/joe/1992winter/a4.php/11/2013
Bradshaw, W. & Roseborough, D. (2005). Restorative justice dialogue: The Impact of Mediation
and Conferencing on Juvenile Recidivism. Fedm.Social Work Faculty Publications. Retrieved from
https://ir.stthomas.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=ssw_pub
Bradshaw, W., Roseborough, D. & Umbreit, M. S. (2006). The effect of victim offender mediation on juvenile offender recidivism: A meta-analysis. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 24: 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crq.159
Braithwaite, J. (2000). Restorative justice. In Tonry, M. (Ed.)., The handbook of crime and punishment. Oxford University Press., 323-344. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/18477814/Restorative_Justice_in_The_Handbook_of_Crime_and_Punishment
Braithwaite, J. (2004). Restorative justice and de-professionalization. The good society, 13(1),
28-31. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.628.5964&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Burns, B. J., Schoenwald, S. K., Burchard, J. D., Faw, L., & Santos, A. B. (2000). Comprehensive community-based interventions for youth with severe emotional disorders: Multisystemic therapy and the wraparound process. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9(3), 283-314. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026440406435
Campbell, N. A., Barnes, A. R., Mandalari, A., Onifade, E., Campbell, C. A., Anderson, V. R., ... & Davidson, W. S. (2018). Disproportionate minority contact in the juvenile justice system: An investigation of ethnic disparity in program referral at disposition. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 16(2), 77-98.
Clark, P. (2010). Preventing future crime with cognitive behavioral therapy. District of Columbia: National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncticolorado.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/CBT-NIJArticle.pdf
Evans, D., O’Toole, E., and Butts, J. (2017). Savings rate: How wraparound advocacy may reduce the consequences and costs of state commitment for justice-involved youth. Research and Evaluation Center, John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Retrieved from https://johnjayrec.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/savingsrate.pdf
Farina, A. S., Holzer, K. J., DeLisi, M., & Vaughn, M. G. (2018). Childhood trauma and psychopathic features among juvenile offenders. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 62(14), 4359-4380.
Fazal, S. (2014). Safely Home: Reducing youth incarceration and achieving positive youth outcomes for high and complex need youth through effective community-based programs
Washington, DC., Youth Advocate Programs Policy & Advocacy Center. Retrieved from http://www.yapinc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Safely%20Home%20Preview/safelyhome.p
df?ver=2015-04-29-093701-287
Gavrielides, T. (2007). Restorative justice theory and practice: addressing the discrepancy. European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations HEUNI, (ISBN 978-952-5333-32-9). Retrieved from http://www.heuni.fi/material/attachments/heuni/reports/6KkomcSdr/Hakapainoon2.pdf
Gavrielides, T. (2013). Where is restorative justice heading? Probation junior, (2/Vol. IV), 79-95
on www.ceeol.com. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Theo_Gavrielides/publication/284332580_Gavrielides_T_2013_Where_is_restorative_justice_heading_Probation_Junior_Vol_51_79-95/links/5651984c08ae1ef92974198a/Gavrielides-T-2013-Where-is-restorative-justiceheading-
Probation-Junior-Vol-51-79-95.pdf
Gavrielides, T. (2016). Repositioning restorative justice in Europe. Victims & Offenders, 11(1), 71-86. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Theo_Gavrielides/publication/284196273_Repositioning_Restorative_Justice_in_Europe/links/5743fe5508aea45ee84d1a0e/Repositioning-Restorative-Justice-in-Europe.pdf
Goodstein, J., & Aquino, K. (2010). And restorative justice for all: Redemption, forgiveness, and reintegration in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 624-628. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.632
Gxubane, T. (2016). Prospects of family group conferencing with youth sex offenders and their victims in South Africa. Retrieved from https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/25160/Gxubane_Chapter_2016.pdf?sequen
ce=1
Hansen, T. & Umbreit, M. (2018). State of knowledge: Four decades of victim‐offender mediation research and practice: The evidence. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 36(2), 99-113. Retrieved from
https://www.law.ucla.edu/~/media/Assets/Criminal%20Justice%20Program/Documents/2
019%20Reimagining%20Criminal%20Justice%20System%20Symposium/Four%20decades%20of%20VOM%20research%20and%20evidence.ashx
Herman, R. D., & Renz, D. O. (2004). Doing things right: Effectiveness in local nonprofit organizations, a panel study. Public Administration Review, 64(6), 694-704. Retrieved from http://www.hatasmeres.hu/downloads/doing.things.right.pdJekielek, S. M., Moore, K. A., Hair, E. C., & Scarupa, H. J. (2002). Mentoring: A promising strategy for youth development. Child Trends Research Brief, 2, 1-8. Retrieved from http://resourcelibrary.stfm.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?Docu
mentFileKey=6bcae023-6ce6-48d6-b2a8-5f2c0472c88a
Johnson, T., Quintana, E., Kelly, D. A., Graves, C., Schub, O., Newman, P., & Casas, C. (2015). Restorative Justice Hubs Concept Paper. Revista de Mediación, 8(2), 2340-9754. Retrieved from http://revistademediacion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Revista16-en-e5.pdf
Johnstone, G. (2004). Text of an Inaugural Lecture given at The Middleton Hall, University of Hull, 11 October 2004. Retrieved from https://studylib.net/doc/7870838/the-idea-ofrestorative-
justice
Johnstone, G. & Brennan, I. (2014). Victim-Offender Encounters for Restorative Justice Dialogue: A Review. Retrieved from http://restorative-justice.eu/bb/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2016/02/WS-1.-D1.3b-VOM-review.pdf
Karp, D. R. (2001). Harm and repair: Observing restorative justice in Vermont. Justice Quarterly, 18(4), 727-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820100095081 Retrieved from http://www.antoniocasella.eu/restorative/Karp_2001.pdf
Karp, D. & Conrad, S. (2005). Restorative justice and college student misconduct. Public Organization Review, 5(4), 315-333. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11115-005-5094-7.pdf
Lewis, D. (2014). Non-governmental organizations, management and development. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203591185
Lewis, R. A. & Judge, P. (2005). Family group conferencing: A realistic option for juvenile justice. American Humane FGDM Issues in Brief.
Lightfoot, E. & Umbreit, M. (2004). An analysis of state statutory provisions for victim-offender mediation. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 15(4), 418-436.
Lipsey, M. W. (1998). Can rehabilitative programs reduce the recidivism of juvenile offenders an inquiry into the effectiveness of practical programs. Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L., 6, 611.
Maruna, S. (2016). Desistance and restorative justice: It’s now or never. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20504721.2016.1243853
Marshall, T. (1999). Restorative justice: An overview. London: Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate (ISBN 1 84082 244 9). Retrieved from http://www.antoniocasella.eu/restorative/Marshall_1999-b.pdf
Marshall, T. F., & Merry, S. (1990). Crime and accountability: Victim/offender mediation in practice. HM Stationery Office. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=125993
McCarter, S. A. (2016). Holistic representation: A randomized pilot study of wraparound services for first‐time juvenile offenders to improve functioning, decrease motions for review, and lower recidivism. Family Court Review, 54(2), 250-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12216
McCold, P. Primary Restorative Justice Practices. In Morris, A. & Maxwell, G. (Eds.) (2001). Restorative justice for juveniles: Conferencing, mediation and circles, Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.8-926-145-87-01.ru/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/Allison_Morris_Gabrielle_Maxwell_Restorative_JuBookZZ.org_.pdf#page=255
Mendal, R. A. (2011). No place for kids: The case for reducing juvenile incarceration. Retrieved from https://folio.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/10244/1035/JJ_NoPlaceForKids_Full.pdf
Modecki, K. L., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Guerra, N. (2017). Emotion regulation, coping, and decision making: Three linked skills for preventing externalizing problems in adolescence. Child Development, 88(2), 417-426.
Moore, C. W. (2014). The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley & Sons.
Oakland Unified School District, (2018). Restorative Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ousd.org/Page/12328
Office of Justice Programs. (n.d). About Victims' Rights. Retrieved from https://www.victimlaw.org/victimlaw/pages/victimsRight.jsp
Pavelka, S. (2016). Restorative Justice in the States: An Analysis of Statutory Legislation and Policy. Justice Policy Journal, 2(13), 1-23 on www.cjcj.org/jpj. Retrieved from http://www.cjcj.org/uploads/cjcj/documents/jpj_restorative_justice_in_the_states.pdf
Pennsylvania Family Group Decision Making Leadership Team, (2008). Pennsylvania Family Group Decision Making Toolkit: A Resource to Guide and Support Best Practice Implementation 195 (2008). Retrieved from http://www.pacwrc.pitt.edu/Organizational%20Effectiveness/FGDM%20Evaluation%20
PDFs/FGDM%20Toolkit.pdf
Pfander, S. M. (2019). Evaluating New Zealand’s restorative promise: the impact of legislative design on the practice of restorative justice. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 1-16.
Pullmann, M. D., Kerbs, J., Koroloff, N., Veach-White, E., Gaylor, R., & Sieler, D. (2006). Juvenile offenders with mental health needs: Reducing recidivism using wraparound. Crime & Delinquency, 52(3), 375-397. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.996.6441&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Radice, J. (2017). The juvenile record myth. Geo. LJ, 106, 365. Retrieved from https://www.law.georgetown.edu/georgetown-law-journal/wpcontent/uploads/sites/26/2018/02/zt100218000365
Rojek, D. G., Coverdill, J. E., & Fors, S. W. (2003). The effect of victim impact panels on DUI rearrest rates: A five‐year follow‐up. Criminology, 41(4), 1319-1340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01021.x
Sandwick, T., Hahn, J. W., & Ayoub, L. H. (2019). Fostering community, sharing power: Lessons for building restorative justice school cultures. Education Policy Analysis archives, 27, 145. Retrievable from file:///C:/Users/CAROLI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/4296-20592-1-PB-2.pdf
Sherman, L. W., Strang, H., Mayo-Wilson, E., Woods, D. J., & Ariel, B. (2015). Are restorative justice conferences effective in reducing repeat offending? Findings from a Campbell systematic review. Journal of quantitative criminology, 31(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9222-9
Silva, D. J., Petrilla, C. M., Matteson, D., Mannion, S., & Huggins, S. L. (2019). Increasing Resilience in Youth and Families: YAP’s Wraparound Advocate Service Model. Child & Youth Services, 1-32. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0145935X.2019.1610870
Sobie, M. (2018). The state of American juvenile justice. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2106&context=lawfaculty
Song, S. Y., & Swearer, S. M. (2016). The Cart before the Horse: The Challenge and Promise of Restorative Justice Consultation in Schools. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2016.1246972
Souza, K. A., & Dhami, M. K. (2008). A study of volunteers in community-based restorative justice programs. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 50(1), 31-57. Retrieved from
The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State law, (2003). The Uniform Mediation Act. Retrieved from https://www.uniformlaws.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=9b244b42-269c-769e-9f89-590ce048d0dd&forceDialog=0
Umbreit, M. S., & Armour, M. P. (2011). Restorative justice and dialogue: Impact, opportunities, and challenges in the global community. Wash. UJL & Pol'y, 36, 65. Retrieved from https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=law_journal_law_policy
Umbreit, M., & Greenwood, J. (1997). Criteria for victim-sensitive mediation & dialogue With offenders. Center for Restorative Justice & Mediation.
Umbreit, M. S. (1998). Restorative Justice through Victim-Offender Mediation: A Multi-Site Assessment. Western Criminology Review, 1(1). Retrieved from http://westerncriminology.org/documents/WCR/v01n1/Umbreit/Umbreit.html
Umbreit, M. S., Coates, R. B., & Vos, B. (2004). Victim-offender mediation: Three decades of practice and research. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 22(1-2), 279-303, December 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.102
Umbreit, M. S., Vos, B., & Coates, R. B. (2006). Restorative justice dialogue: Evidence-based practice. Center for Restorative justice Peacemaking, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://www.antoniocasella.eu/restorative/Umbreit_2006.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2006a). Manual for the Measurement of Juvenile Justice Indicators. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Manual_for_the_Measurement_of_Juvenile_Justice_Indicators.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2006b). Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes. Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/06-56290_Ebook.pdf
United Nations, (n.d.). Civil Society Unit. Retrieved from https://outreach.un.org/ngorelations/content/about-us-0
University of Pittsburgh: Office of Child Development. (2009). Juvenile Justice: Rethinking Punitive Approaches to Addressing Juvenile Crime. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/879d/d740ae8739d0418a361f531e65dd2ecc8772.pdf
University of Pittsburgh: The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center. (2017). Family Group Decision Making. Retrieved from http://www.pacwrc.pitt.edu/FGDM.htm
US Department of State, (2017). Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the United States, Fact Sheet Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 20, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/fs/2017/266904.htm
US Department of Justice, Office of Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (n.d.) Statistical Briefing Book. Retrieved from https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/corrections/qa08801.asp?qaDate=2012
Van Ness, D. (2015) Basic Principles of Restorative Justice, Prison Fellowship Bulgaria, For Presentation to “Conciliation Justice In Bulgaria – The Role of the Community in the Restoration of All Those Affected by Crime and Imprisonment”, November 11, 2015.
Victim Offender Mediation Association, (2014). Retrieved from http://www.voma.org/abtvom.shtml
Walker, L. (2010). Huikahi restorative circles: Group process for self-directed reentry planning and family healing. European Journal of Probation, 2(2), 76-95.
Walker, Re-entry Circles for the Innocent: The Psychological Benefits of Restorative Justice and Taking Responsibility in Response to Injustice, pp. 139-157, The Psychology of Restorative Justice: Managing the Power Within, Ed. Theo Gavrielides, Ashgate: Surrey, England 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2801554
Walton, D., Martin, S., & Li, J. (2019). Iwi community justice panels reduce harm from reoffending. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 1-18.
Wandrey, M. & Weitekamp, E. G. (1998). Die organisatorische Umsetzung des Täter-Opfer-Ausgleichs in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland–eine vorläufige Einschätzung der Entwicklung im Zeitraum von 1989 bis 1995. DÖLLING, D. ua (Hg.): Täter-Opfer-Ausgleich in Deutschland. Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven. Bonn, 121-148.
Warner-Roberts, A. & Masters, G. (1999). Group conferencing: Restorative justice in practice. Center for RJ and Mediation, School of Social Work, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://www.rjp.umn.edu/sites/g/files/pua5026/f/media/group_conferencing_rj_in_practice.pdf
Weitekamp, E. Mediation in Europe: paradoxes, problems and promises. In Morris, A., & Maxwell, G. (Eds.) (2001), Restorative justice for juveniles: Conferencing, mediation and circles, Bloomsbury Publishing.
Wellikoff, I. (2003). Victim-Offender Mediation and Violent Crimes: On the Way to Justice. Cardozo J. Conflict Resol., 5, 1.
Wilson, D. B., Olaghere, A., Kimbrell, C. S., George Mason University, & United States of America. (2017). Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Principles in Juvenile Justice: A Meta-Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250872.pdf
Youth Advocate Programs, Inc. (2018), Demographics and Outcomes Report FY 2018, Unpublished internal document.
Youth Advocate Programs, Inc. (2019a), What We Do > Policy & Advocacy Center > About Retrieved from http://www.yapinc.org/policy
Youth Advocate Programs, Inc. (2019b), Who We Are Retrieved from http://www.yapinc.org/who
Youth Advocate Programs, Inc. (2019c), Evidence of Our Success>Research, Retrieved from http://www.yapinc.org/research
Youth Advocate Programs, Inc, (2019d), Supported Work, Retrieved from http://www.yapinc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Fact%20Sheets/Supported%20Work%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf?ver=2.0
Zehr, H. (1990). Changing Lenses: A new focus for crime and justice, Herald Press.
Zehr, H. (2015). The Little Book of Restorative Justice: Revised and Updated.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Applied Juvenile Justice Services
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
